Spanish conjugation explanation

Irregular Past Participles

<p>While regular Spanish verbs form the

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext" href="/study/tenseGuideForTense/24/" target="_blank">Past Participle</a>

(<span style="font-style: italic;">participio</span>) by adding <span style="font-style: italic;">-ado</span> for <span style="font-style: italic;">-ar</span> verbs or <span style="font-style: italic;">-ido</span> for <span style="font-style: italic;">-er/-ir</span> verbs, several essential verbs have <strong>irregular forms</strong>.</p>

<p>These confusing forms must be memorized, as applying valid regular endings results in incorrect words like <span class="red_emphasis">rompido</span> or <span class="red_emphasis">escribido</span>. You will need these irregular participles to form compound tenses like the

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext" href="/study/tenseGuideForTense/114/" target="_blank">Present Perfect</a>

(<span style="font-style: italic;">he escrito, hemos visto</span>).</p>

<p>These irregulars can generally be grouped by their ending patterns.</p>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_title">Pattern 1: Ending in -to</div>

<p>Most irregular participles end in <strong>-to</strong> instead of <span style="font-style: italic;">-ido</span>.</p>

<ul>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/abrir/" title="Click to see conjugations for abrir" target="_blank">abrir</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">abierto</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">opened</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">¿Quién ha <span class="green_emphasis">abierto</span> la ventana? (<span style="font-style: italic;">Who has opened the window?</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/cubrir/" title="Click to see conjugations for cubrir" target="_blank">cubrir</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">cubierto</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">covered</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">La nieve ha <span class="green_emphasis">cubierto</span> el camino. (<span style="font-style: italic;">The snow has covered the path.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/escribir/" title="Click to see conjugations for escribir" target="_blank">escribir</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">escrito</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">written</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Ella ha <span class="green_emphasis">escrito</span> una carta. (<span style="font-style: italic;">She has written a letter.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/fre%C3%ADr/" title="Click to see conjugations for freír" target="_blank">freír</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">frito</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">fried</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Las patatas están <span class="green_emphasis">fritas</span>. (<span style="font-style: italic;">The potatoes are fried.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/morir/" title="Click to see conjugations for morir" target="_blank">morir</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">muerto</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">died</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Su abuelo ha <span class="green_emphasis">muerto</span>. (<span style="font-style: italic;">His grandfather has died.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/poner/" title="Click to see conjugations for poner" target="_blank">poner</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">puesto</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">put</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">¿Dónde lo has <span class="green_emphasis">puesto</span>? (<span style="font-style: italic;">Where have you put it?</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/resolver/" title="Click to see conjugations for resolver" target="_blank">resolver</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">resuelto</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">resolved/solved</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Ya hemos <span class="green_emphasis">resuelto</span> el problema. (<span style="font-style: italic;">We have already solved the problem.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/romper/" title="Click to see conjugations for romper" target="_blank">romper</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">roto</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">broken</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">El vaso está <span class="green_emphasis">roto</span>. (<span style="font-style: italic;">The glass is broken.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/ver/" title="Click to see conjugations for ver" target="_blank">ver</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">visto</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">seen</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">No he <span class="green_emphasis">visto</span> esa película. (<span style="font-style: italic;">I haven't seen that movie.</span>)</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_title">Pattern 2: Ending in -cho</div>

<p>Another group forms the participle with <strong>-cho</strong>.</p>

<ul>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/decir/" title="Click to see conjugations for decir" target="_blank">decir</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">dicho</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">said</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Ellos han <span class="green_emphasis">dicho</span> la verdad. (<span style="font-style: italic;">They have told the truth.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/hacer/" title="Click to see conjugations for hacer" target="_blank">hacer</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">hecho</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">done/made</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Ya he <span class="green_emphasis">hecho</span> mi tarea. (<span style="font-style: italic;">I have already done my homework.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/satisfacer/" title="Click to see conjugations for satisfacer" target="_blank">satisfacer</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">satisfecho</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">satisfied</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Estamos <span class="green_emphasis">satisfechos</span> con los resultados. (<span style="font-style: italic;">We are satisfied with the results.</span>)</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_title">Pattern 3: Ending in -so</div>

<p>A less common pattern is the ending <strong>-so</strong>.</p>

<ul>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/imprimir/" title="Click to see conjugations for imprimir" target="_blank">imprimir</a>

&#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">impreso</span> (<span style="font-style: italic;">printed</span>)</div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">He <span class="green_emphasis">impreso</span> los documentos. (<span style="font-style: italic;">I have printed the documents.</span>)</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_title">Compound Verbs</div>

<p>Verbs formed by adding a prefix to an irregular base verb (like <span style="font-style: italic;">poner, tener, hacer, ver</span>) generally <strong>maintain the irregularity</strong> of the root verb.</p>

<ul>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/devolver/" title="Click to see conjugations for devolver" target="_blank">devolver</a>

(<span style="font-style: italic;">de</span> + <span style="font-style: italic;">volver</span>) &#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">devuelto</span></div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">No me han <span class="green_emphasis">devuelto</span> el dinero. (<span style="font-style: italic;">They haven't returned the money to me.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/deshacer/" title="Click to see conjugations for deshacer" target="_blank">deshacer</a>

(<span style="font-style: italic;">des</span> + <span style="font-style: italic;">hacer</span>) &#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">deshecho</span></div>

<div class="conjugation_explanation_example_sentence">Han <span class="green_emphasis">deshecho</span> las maletas. (<span style="font-style: italic;">They have unpacked the suitcases.</span>)</div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/descubrir/" title="Click to see conjugations for descubrir" target="_blank">descubrir</a>

(<span style="font-style: italic;">des</span> + <span style="font-style: italic;">cubrir</span>) &#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">descubierto</span></div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/prever/" title="Click to see conjugations for prever" target="_blank">prever</a>

(<span style="font-style: italic;">pre</span> + <span style="font-style: italic;">ver</span>) &#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">previsto</span></div>

</li>

<li>

<div>

<a class="conjugation_explanation_link_intext verb_link" href="/study/conjugations/esp/suponer/" title="Click to see conjugations for suponer" target="_blank">suponer</a>

(<span style="font-style: italic;">su</span> + <span style="font-style: italic;">poner</span>) &#8594; <span class="green_emphasis">supuesto</span></div>

</li>

</ul>