Vinha vs. vinhedo
While both vinha and vinhedo translate to "vineyard" in English, their usage often depends on regional dialect (Portugal vs. Brazil) and the scale of the plantation.
Vinha
B1This is the most general term for a plantation of grapevines. In European Portuguese, vinha is the standard word used for any size of plot. It focuses on the cultivation and the plants themselves.
O meu avô tem uma pequena vinha atrás da casa.
(My grandfather has a small vineyard behind the house.)
A geada destruiu grande parte da vinha este ano.
(The frost destroyed a large part of the vineyard this year.)
Eles caminharam pela vinha para verificar as uvas.
(They walked through the vineyard to check the grapes.)
O agricultor decidiu plantar uma nova vinha na encosta.
(The farmer decided to plant a new vineyard on the hillside.)
Vinhedo
B2This term usually refers to an extensive area planted with vines, often implying a large commercial estate or a scenic landscape. It is the preferred and most common term used in Brazilian Portuguese.
Os turistas adoram visitar este vinhedo durante as férias.
(Tourists love visiting this vineyard during the holidays.)
Este vinhedo produz milhares de garrafas de vinho por ano.
(This vineyard produces thousands of bottles of wine per year.)
A vista aérea do vinhedo é absolutamente deslumbrante.
(The aerial view of the vineyard is absolutely stunning.)
O Vale dos Vinhedos é famoso pela sua produção de vinho.
(The Valley of the Vineyards is famous for its wine production.)
Summary
Use vinha if you are speaking European Portuguese or referring to the agricultural crop itself. Use vinhedo if you are speaking Brazilian Portuguese or referring to a large, expansive wine estate.